Showing posts with label clinical research. Show all posts
Showing posts with label clinical research. Show all posts

Tuesday, June 30, 2015

Colloidal Silver Makes Cut Flowers Live Longer

 Learn more about the infection-fighting qualities of colloidal silver at www.TheSilverEdge.com
How would you like your cut flowers to last up to twice and long, with the blooms remaining vibrantly colored and wilt-free during the entire time?

Here’s a nifty tip that really works:  Add a little bit of colloidal silver to the water in the flower vase in order to prevent microbial growth and stop bacteria from colonizing the flower stem! 

Experienced colloidal silver users have taken advantage of this technique for decades, which allows cut flowers to thrive longer than any other known method of fresh cut flower preservation. 

And now there’s scientific proof demonstrating why and how it works.  Here’s the story you won’t find anywhere else...

Hi, Steve Barwick here, for The Silver Edge

Several decades ago, when independent colloidal silver researchers such as Mark Metcalf and others were writing about the many healing benefits of colloidal silver, one of the fascinating facts they pointed out was that if colloidal silver were added to cut flowers in a vase, the flowers would last far longer than flowers that had not been treated with silver.

As Mark Metcalf wrote at the time, in the 1996 issue of Perceptions Magazine:

My next experiment was a little different.  I cut flowers in the back yard and left one on a shelf without water for twenty-four hours.

When I picked it up the next day it was completely limp.  I made a fresh cut at the bottom of the stem and placed it in a glass of high concentrate colloidal silver.

Each day it got better.  On the third day, the stem had become firm again, as if it had just been cut.  Not a single petal was lost.

The second flower that was cut had been placed immediately in ordinary water.  Many of its petals had already fallen.  Though the flower was in water from the start, it was already dying.

It’s as if there is something in silver that is tied to the very core of the life process itself.

These anecdotal reports were sometimes sneered at by mainstream scientists and the mainstream media.  But they can’t be sneered at any longer, because since that time clinical researchers have repeatedly proven them to be true.

Proven True

For example, in 2014, scientists from the Department of Horticulture at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran tested the hypothesis that silver-treated cut flowers in a vase would last up to twice as long as untreated cut flowers in a vase.

What they found was that in the untreated cut flowers, bacteria rapidly formed in the vase water, and quickly colonized the xylem of the flower, which are the tiny micro-tubular channels in the flower stem (similar to veins, in humans) that bring nutrients and moisture to the flowering head itself.

But in the silver-treated flower vases, the bacterial growth was dramatically reduced, and therefore the xylem remained unblocked by bacterial colonization for longer periods of time.  This allowed moisture and nutrients to be effectively carried up the stem far longer than in untreated cut flowers.  The result was beautiful fresh flowers that lasted up to twice as long as normal.

As explained in this August 21, 2014 press release from Inderscience titled “Cut Flowers Last Longer with Silver Nanotechnology”: 

Once cut and dunked in a vase of water, flowers are susceptible to bacterial growth that shortens the length of time one has to enjoy the blooms.

A few silver nanoparticles sprinkled into the water, might be the answer to longer-lasting cut flowers according to research published in the International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation.

Once the stems are cut and flowers added to a vase bacteria start to colonize the open ends of the stems and block the channels through which water enters. This is the main cause of a short-lived display even for the most expensive flowers, such as lilies, roses and freesias.

Many florists provide a small packet of plant food with their bouquets, but this does nothing to prevent the stems becoming blocked with bacteria.

Adding a drop of household bleach is perhaps a useful tip, but not all flower lovers wish to have the odor of bleach in the vase spoiling the scent of their flowers.

Now, a team in the Department of Horticulture at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, have tested silver nanoparticles, which are known to have antibacterial activity, in extending the blooming life of cut lilies (Lilium orientalis cv. 'Shocking').

They used suspensions of silver nanoparticles in water at levels of 5, 15, 25, 30 parts per million (ppm) and compared the floral life against controls with untreated vase water.

Seyed Hossein Nemati and colleagues found that control blooms gave a bright flora display on average for just under a week. Whereas the lower concentrations of silver nanoparticles extended this period by a couple of days.

However, at 35 ppm their blooms were maintained with good color and healthy petals for almost twice as long as the controls (less than 12 days).

Analysis of the stems and water revealed that at this concentration of silver nanoparticles bacterial growth was stymied for the longest period compared with controls where bacterial growth began within the first two days.

[More information: Nemati, S.H., Esfandiyari, B., Tehranifar, A., Rezaei, A. and Ashrafi, S.J. (2014) “Improvement of Vase Life and Post-harvest Factors of Lilium orientalis Bouquet by Silver Nanoparticles,” Notulae Scientia Biologicae.]

Higher Concentrations
of  Silver Worked Better

In their study, the clinical researchers pointed out that all four concentrations of silver nanoparticles (i.e., 5, 15, 25, 30 ppm) “significantly enhanced the vase life of cut flowers,” but that the higher concentration produced the longest extended life. 

The researchers concluded, “Owing to its strong antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles are dramatic tools for extending cut flowers post harvest life.”

The researchers also pointed out that even at the highest concentration used (i.e., 30 ppm) there were no apparent toxic effects on the flowers. 

What’s more, the ability of the cut flowers to uptake nutrients decreased rapidly in the control flowers that had no silver added, while the nutrient uptake of the flowers in the water treated with silver nanoparticles barely decreased during the lifetime of the cut flowers. 

Finally, the fresh weight of the control flowers that were not treated with silver nanoparticles dropped significantly over a period of several days, while the silver-treated flowers “maintained fresh weight at high values” according to the researchers.

In short, the researchers discovered that higher concentrations of silver nanoparticles used in the vase water resulted in far less microbial growth.  This in turn resulted in far lower bacterial colonization and “clogging” of the xylem of the flower (i.e., the vessels or channels in the stem that bring nutrients to the flower head itself). 

Another Clinical Study

Another clinical study, this one by Chinese researchers, also confirms silver’s life-extending properties for cut flowers.

Rose-growing expert Robert B. Martin, of the Pacific Rose Society, explains it as follows:

Having been aware of the growing development of nanotechnology as well as the use of silver to preserve cut flowers, I was therefore fascinated to read in the column on Recent Rose Research in the January/February 2011 issue of the American Rose of a study by five Chinese researchers titled “Nano-silver pulse treatments improve water relations of cut rose cv. Movie Star flowers”.

The study itself appeared in a recent issue of the scientific publication Postharvest Biology and Technology. 

According to the abstract of the article, the vase life of cut roses of the variety ‘Movie Star,’ when placed in deionized water, was normally only 9 to 10 days regardless of maturity at harvest.

However, when those flowers were placed in a nanosilver base solution for 24 hours and then kept in a low concentration nanosilver solution, the vase life of the cut rose flowers was prolonged by an additional 11.8 days.

Further examination revealed that the silver solution not only alleviated and delayed vascular blockage caused by bacterial contaminations but also inhibited stomatal conductance so that the water balance in cut roses was significantly improved.

Put simply, the vase life of roses treated with a nanosilver solution was extended from about 9 days to over 20 days, primarily because the silver inhibited bacterial contamination.

Once again, we see that clinical research proves fresh cut flowers will last up to twice as long when silver is used to treat the flowers.

Even More Evidence

 Learn more about the infection-fighting qualities of colloidal silver at www.TheSilverEdge.com
According to the book, Horticultural Reviews, by Jules Janick, in a chapter titled “Stems Placed Directly in Water After Cutting,” there have been a number of additional studies demonstrating silver to extend the life of cut flowers by reducing bacterial growth in the vase water. As Janick explains:

Cut stems of flowers often have difficulties taking up water.  Lack of adequate water uptake can occur after a few days in stems placed in a vase solution, even if the stem cut surface had never been exposed to air. 

This problem mainly relates to the development of bacteria that clog the xylem vessels, which occurs within 2-3 days of vase life…

…The effect of bacteria seems a purely physical phenomenon.  Bacteria cannot pass the pit membranes between xylem conduits as the pores in these membranes are too small and bacteria are unable to digest the membrane.  They occlude the small pores in the membrane, through which all water has to pass…

…A dip of the stem in an aqueous solution containing silver ions, or the continuous presence of Ag+ [i.e., ionic silver] in the vase solution, inhibited bacterial growth in cut flower stems and in the vase water (van Doorn 1997). 

Recently, silver nanoparticles have also been used.  Solgi et al. (2209) applied silver nanoparticles to Gerbera jamesonii ‘Dune,’ and compared its effect with silver nitrate. 

The chemicals were included in the vase solution along with 6% sucrose.  Vase life was 8 days in controls, and 11 days in the silver plus sugar treatments.  The nanoparticles had the same effects as silver ions.

Liu et al. (2009) reported that freshly cut ‘Ruikou’ Gerbera flowers had a longer vase life when treated with colloidal silver nanoparticles, compared to a treatment with just water.  The longest vase life was 8.9 days compared with 3.6 days in the controls.”

In short, according to Janick’s Horticulture Reviews, clinical studies have demonstrated that both ionic silver and metallic silver (i.e., silver nanoparticles) can extend the life of cut flowers by almost double, simply by inhibiting bacterial growth in the water in the vase. 

In Summary

The Latvia-based company, Ag-Life.com, also known as SIA Silver Technologies Ltd., sums it all up as follows, in a message to professional florists:

“Fresh and healthy flowers are the best advertising for every florist. However, it is impossible that all flowers would look freshly cut by the time of buying, even if water in the vase was changed frequently.

The use of silver water will noticeably increase time to the moment of flower fading and will make the offer of your shop more attractive in customers' eyes.

Colloidal silver water consists of microscopic silver particles that, when being used in particular concentration, can eliminate about 700 harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other types of microorganisms.

Premature aging and fading of cut flowers' cells is frequently caused by putrefactive bacteria and other pathogenic microorganisms. Colloidal silver not only destroys pathogens in water, but also, getting into the plants' cells, delays aging processes inside plant and recovers damaged cells.

Flowers, put into the vase with colloidal silver, will preserve their freshness for 7- 10 days longer. For some cut flowers this period may reach even up to 2 months.

Silver water may be also used for spraying and watering plants. This way it will not only delay the process of fading, but also save plants from fungi and other diseases.

What is more, such water does not leave marks on leaves or flowers, and it does not contain chemicals hazardous for human health.”

The bottom line is that colloidal silver truly can make cut flowers last up to twice as long in the vase, or even longer with some flower species.  And it’s all thanks to the wondrous, germ-fighting capabilities of the silver itself. 

More Information

For additional information using colloidal silver on flowers and plants, including garden plants, see:
Even More Unusual Uses for Colloidal Silver

To learn about more unusual uses for colloidal silver, see the following three articles:
You can also learn how hundreds of experienced colloidal silver users have healed their own infections and diseases with colloidal silver, at this link

Make Your Own Colloidal Silver for Pennies

 Learn more about the infection-fighting qualities of colloidal silver at www.TheSilverEdge.com
If you’re a do-it-yourselfer, like me, you can learn here how astonishingly inexpensive it is to make your own high-quality colloidal silver (i.e., about a penny per ounce) with a Micro-Particle Colloidal Silver Generator from The Silver Edge.

This means there’s no longer any need to pay $20 or $30 for a tiny, four-ounce bottle of colloidal silver in health food stores, when you can make it yourself by the quart for about 32 cents. 

If you’re skeptical, or if you think it must be a difficult process, at this link you’ll discover how incredibly simple it is to make your own colloidal silver.  Indeed, with a device that’s even simpler to operate than a coffee pot (see above photo), just about anyone can make their own high-quality colloidal silver for just a few pennies per quart!

Finally, if you have questions about making and/or using colloidal silver, or would like to correspond with thousands of other experienced colloidal silver users, you might want to consider joining the Colloidal Silver Secrets Community on Facebook

There, you’ll find over 16,000 fellow colloidal silver users sharing their usage secrets and success stories as well as the latest news and information on the infection-fighting qualities of colloidal silver. 

Meanwhile, I’ll be back next week with another great article on colloidal silver….

Yours for the safe, sane and responsible use of colloidal silver,


Helpful Links:
                                                                                                                                                 
Important Note and Disclaimer:  The contents of this Ezine have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.  Information conveyed herein is from sources deemed to be accurate and reliable, but no guarantee can be made in regards to the accuracy and reliability thereof.  The author, Steve Barwick, is a natural health journalist with over 30 years of experience writing professionally about natural health topics.  He is not a doctor.  Therefore, nothing stated in this Ezine should be construed as prescriptive in nature, nor is any part of this Ezine meant to be considered a substitute for professional medical advice.  Nothing reported herein is intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.  The author is simply reporting in journalistic fashion what he has learned during the past 17 years of journalistic research into colloidal silver and its usage.  Therefore, the information and data presented should be considered for informational purposes only, and approached with caution.  Readers should verify for themselves, and to their own satisfaction, from other knowledgeable sources such as their doctor, the accuracy and reliability of all reports, ideas, conclusions, comments and opinions stated herein.  All important health care decisions should be made under the guidance and direction of a legitimate, knowledgeable and experienced health care professional.  Readers are solely responsible for their choices.  The author and publisher disclaim responsibility and/or liability for any loss or hardship that may be incurred as a result of the use or application of any information included in this Ezine. 

Copyright 2015 | Life & Health Research Group, LLC | PO Box 1239 | Peoria AZ 85380-1239 | All rights reserved.


Wednesday, July 11, 2012

Clinical Studies Demonstrate the Safety and Effectiveness of Colloidal Silver


For years the naysayers have claimed there’s no modern clinical evidence for the safety or effectiveness of colloidal silver and other forms of antimicrobial silver.  Even the FDA makes this spurious claim. 

But the truth is, clinical studies on the safety and effectiveness of numerous forms of antimicrobial silver – including colloidal silver -- are abundant.  You just have to know where to look.  And thankfully, the internet makes it easy to find these supposedly non-existent studies, and share them with others.

Here’s the inside scoop on the myriad of studies demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of antimicrobial silver.   

Hi, Steve Barwick here, for www.TheSilverEdge.com...

Years ago, when I was very young man first starting out as a natural health journalist, I asked one of my editors how to handle it when skeptical readers wrote back claiming there’s no evidence for the safety or effectiveness of nutritional supplements.

My editor lowered his head slightly, looked me square in the eyes and said, “You stuff their throats with footnotes.” 

That sounded awfully crude at the time.  But it didn’t take me long to catch on.  What my editor was alluding to was the fact that there’s plenty of bona-fide clinical evidence available for nutritional supplements. 

And when skeptical readers balk at your claims, simply direct them to the evidence and let it speak for itself.

Colloidal Silver:
Clinical Studies and Reports

That’s one reason I’ve spent the last three years compiling clinical studies, white papers and reports on the safety and effectiveness of colloidal silver and other forms of antimicrobial silver. 

Now, when skeptics challenge me with questions like “Where’s the proof of silver’s safety and effectiveness?” I simply refer them to the Clinical Studies and Reports page on TheSilverEdge.com web site.

There, they’ll find over 60 clinical studies, white papers and reports on antimicrobial silver from top medical, research and scientific sources. 

Of course, I don’t think such a treasure trove of clinical studies and reports are going to change the minds of hardened skeptics. 

After all, most of them have an underlying agenda anyway. And the only thing served by “stuffing their throats with footnotes” is to send them packing with their little tails between their legs. 

But every once in a while a skeptic will get back to me and say something like “I really had no idea there was such a large body of clinical work on antimicrobial silver until I saw all of the studies on your web site.  Thank you for letting me know.”

And frankly, that makes it all worthwhile.  

7 New Clinical Studies and Reports

Below you’ll find seven of the latest clinical studies I’ve posted to the Clinical Studies and Reports page at TheSilverEdge.com over the past few weeks alone. 

If you want to read any of the actual studies, just click the link in the paragraph above, and you can scroll through the brief synopses of all 60-plus studies until you find the specific studies you’re most interested in, and then open up the PDF file. 

Or, click on any of the headlines directly below to read the specific study being discussed. 

Here, for example, is a study, demonstrating that a typical ionic colloidal silver product similar to those found in most health food stores is not in the least bit toxic to human cells: 

Skeptics continuously claim colloidal silver and other forms of antimicrobial silver are toxic to human cells. 

In fact, hardly a week goes by that I don’t see this claim being made by medical doctors and their bureaucratic counterparts, or by environmentalists, so-called “quackbusters” and other notorious naysayers.

So in this in vitro clinical study conducted in June 2007 at The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Copenhagen University, the researcher set out to discover whether or not a specific brand of colloidal silver known as Ionosil (i.e., Sweden's leading brand of colloidal silver) is toxic to human cells.

The researcher compared the effects of Ionosil to atomic gold and silver quantum clusters on human cells, looking for cytotoxicity (i.e. cell damage), inflammation and DNA damage.  

And guess what?  The colloidal silver demonstrated zero toxicity…zero DNA damage…and zero inflammation! 

Amazing, isn’t it? 

In short, the science demonstrates precisely what colloidal silver users have known for decades, i.e., colloidal silver has a superb toxicological safety profile. 

Which is to say, when used correctly it’s no more toxic than any other natural mineral supplement on the face of the earth! 

Naysayers and skeptics also continuously claim that colloidal silver and other forms of antimicrobial silver are toxic to little critters in the environment.

In this study, researchers tested mice and guinea pigs using a staggering 5,000 ppm colloidal silver nanoparticles (i.e., extremely tiny particles of colloidal silver).

The researchers were looking to see if the colloidal silver caused acute oral toxicity, eye irritation, corrosion or dermal toxicity.

But after 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure to these super-high levels of antimicrobial silver, blood chemistry analysis and other tests showed no differences in any of the parameters examined.

In other words, there were no significant differences in the health and well-being of the mice and guinea pigs treated with 5,000 ppm colloidal silver, versus the mice and guinea pigs that were not treated with colloidal silver.

According to the researchers “There was neither any gross lesion nor histopathological change observed in various organs.” In other words, there was no significant organ or tissue damage from these wildly excessive levels of colloidal silver. 

The researchers also concluded that colloidal silver nanoparticles administered orally or topically to the little animals at a whopping 5,000 ppm appear to be relatively safe. 

When you consider that most people are considerably larger than mice and guinea pigs (at least, I am), but tend to use colloidal silver in comparatively very low concentrations of only 10 to 20 ppm, you can understand the significance of this very important new study!


In this 2011 study, researchers demonstrate that colloidal silver nanoparticles not only have a profound antifungal effect on two forms of Candida yeast, but are also effective in destroying the biofilms produced by these fungal pathogens.

Biofilms, of course, allow pathogens to adhere to cell walls inside the body and form colonies that are largely protected from the human immune system as well as from any natural predators such as your body’s beneficial bacteria.  You can think of a biofilms as a fortified castle for microbes.

Indeed, in many cases biofilms are what stymie modern prescription drug-based therapies from actually getting to the pathogen, because the drugs can’t penetrate the biofilm barrier.

Thankfully, colloidal silver nanoparticles seem to have no problem whatsoever busting through these protective fungal biofilms to get at the disease-causing pathogens!

Is antimicrobial silver effective against viruses? 

The above study is a clinical review from the science journal Molecules.  In it, researchers review a number of studies demonstrating the potent antiviral effects of silver nanoparticles. 

Indeed, as the review points out, a growing number of in vitro studies have found antimicrobial silver to be effective against HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus and even monkey pox virus.  

The study concludes that silver and other metal nanoparticles “may provide opportunity to develop novel antiviral therapies with lower levels of resistance compared to conventional antiviral drugs.” 

Gee…ya think? 

Eye disease can be debilitating.  But silver nanoparticles are being discovered to have profound therapeutic properties in certain diseases of the eyes that can result in visual impairment or even irreversible blindness.

This clinical study review shows that silver nanoparticles may play a successful role in reversing pathological retinal angiogenesis, one of the most feared complications among diseases of the retina.

According to the study authors, "Recent findings made by us on therapeutic applications of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against VEGF induced retinal endothelial cells, elucidates the effectual inhibitory activities of AgNPs over the downstream signaling pathways (Src and AKT/PI3K) leading to retinal angiogenesis."

In plain English, that means antimicrobial silver stops the progression of the eye disease dead in its tracks.  The researchers concluded that present clinical research "consequently affirms the futuristic application of silver nanoparticles as a boon to ocular therapies." 

Well, considering the fact that I’m getting to that age where my eyes don’t work quite as well as they used to, I certainly look forward to these new silver-based eye therapies! 

Meanwhile, I just spray a tiny bit of colloidal silver into my eyes each morning with a glass pump spray bottle with a fine mist head on it, and guess what?  No more itchy, scratchy eyes, and no more of those painful sties.  Sweet! 

In this animal study using mice, the researchers investigated the wound-healing properties of silver nanoparticles and found that “rapid healing and improved cosmetic appearance occur in a dose-dependent manner.”

In other words, the wounded mice treated with silver nanoparticles not only healed more quickly than the controls, but the scarring was significantly improved also.  And the more silver nanoparticles used, the better the healing turned out!

The researchers stated, “…through quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and proteomic studies, we showed that silver nanoparticles exert positive effects through their antimicrobial properties, reduction in wound inflammation, and modulation of fibrogenic cytokines.”

In other words, the silver nanoparticles prevented infection in the wounds, and reduced inflammation by decreasing negative aspects of the healing process. 

The researchers conclude:  “These results have given insight into the actions of silver and have provided a novel therapeutic direction for wound treatment in clinical practice."

Well, that’s nice. Very nice. 

But of course, the wound healing properties of colloidal silver have been known all of the way back to the late 1800’s when medical practitioners found that surgical wounds closed up with sutures made of fine silver wire tended to heal much faster than normal sutures.  What’s more, the surgical wounds failed to become infected. 

So it’s good to see modern medical researchers finally catching up with the past!

Here's an interesting clinical study demonstrating the effectiveness of antimicrobial silver against the pathogen most commonly responsible for toenail fungus. According to the study authors:

"Spherical silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) were synthesized and their antifungal effects on fungal pathogens of the skin were investigated.

Nano-Ag showed potent activity against clinical isolates and ATCC strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida species."

Of course, for decades women have been using oral doses of colloidal silver to heal vaginal Candida yeast infections

And numerous colloidal silver users attest to the fact that colloidal silver obliterates topical yeast infections such as toenail fungus and athlete’s foot, as well. 

So, once again, it’s nice to see modern science catching up with the past!

Many More Studies

Of course, there are many more clinical studies, medical reports and White Papers available on the Clinical Studies and Reports page on The Silver Edge website – over five dozen, all told. 

And I have many more to post over the weeks and months directly ahead, so please stay tuned! Meanwhile, I urge you to check out the available studies for yourself by clicking the above link. 

And whenever someone tells you “There’s no proof for the safety or effectiveness of colloidal silver,” just smile politely, and email them the above link. 

Of course, you’ll probably never hear from them again, because by nature most skeptics can’t admit they’re wrong.  But hey, that’s okay.  At least you did your part and showed them the science (aka, “stuffed their throats with footnotes”).

Finally, if you’d like to learn more about the phenomenal infection-fighting, immune-boosting and wound healing benefits of colloidal silver, and see why an estimated 10 million people throughout North America now use colloidal silver regularly, just click the link!

I’ll be back next week with another great article.  In the meantime, I remain…

Yours for the safe, sane and responsible use of colloidal silver,


Helpful Links:

                                                                                                                                                 
Important Note and Disclaimer:  The contents of this Ezine have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.  Information conveyed herein is from sources deemed to be accurate and reliable, but no guarantee can be made in regards to the accuracy and reliability thereof.  The author, Steve Barwick, is a natural health journalist with over 30 years of experience writing professionally about natural health topics.  He is not a doctor.  Therefore, nothing stated in this Ezine should be construed as prescriptive in nature, nor is any part of this Ezine meant to be considered a substitute for professional medical advice.  Nothing reported herein is intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.  The author is simply reporting in journalistic fashion what he has learned during the past 17 years of journalistic research into colloidal silver and its usage.  Therefore, the information and data presented should be considered for informational purposes only, and approached with caution.  Readers should verify for themselves, and to their own satisfaction, from other knowledgeable sources such as their doctor, the accuracy and reliability of all reports, ideas, conclusions, comments and opinions stated herein.  All important health care decisions should be made under the guidance and direction of a legitimate, knowledgeable and experienced health care professional.  Readers are solely responsible for their choices.  The author and publisher disclaim responsibility or liability for any loss or hardship that may be incurred as a result of the use or application of any information included in this Ezine.

Copyright 2012 | Life & Health Research Group, LLC | PO Box 1239 | Peoria AZ 85380-1239 | All rights reserved